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History[edit]
Windows was originally a 16-bit graphical layer for MS-DOS that was written by Microsoft. As it grew, it gained the ability to handle 32-bit programs and eventually became totally 32-bit when Windows NT and 2000 came out. After Windows 95, Microsoft began to remove dependencies on DOS and finally fully implemented the separation in Windows 2000. Windows has many advanced features as well as many platform specific problems. It possesses an Application Programming Interface that consists of thousands of mostly undocumented GUI functions as well as having varying degrees of MS-DOS compatibility. Additionally, with the advent of NT (New Technology), Windows relies completely on the NT kernel instead of its MS-DOS subsystem, the NT kernel is capable of emulating the necessary DOS functionality. In addition to the NT kernel, Microsoft has also introduced many API wrappers, such as the MFCs (Microsoft Foundation Classes), COM (Component Object Model), and .NET technologies.
The most popular languages for use on Windows include Visual Basic/VB6 and C/C++, although C++ is quickly being replaced by the .NET platform, specifically C# (C Sharp).
Windows Kernels[edit]
Windows 1.0, 2.0, and 3.11 are considered to be an older generation of Windows systems that were built to be a simple graphical layer over the MS-DOS operating system. Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME were designed to bypass MS-DOS (although DOS was still present), and were all based on the same code structure known as the '9x Kernel'. Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows Server are all based on a collection of code known as the 'NT Kernel'.
System Architecture[edit]
Today weâre starting a new series of posts focused on understanding the Windows System Architecture itself. In our first post, weâre going to quickly review some basic Windows concepts and terms including a brief overview of the Windows API, Services and the difference between a Process and a Thread. Think of this as laying the groundwork for our future posts which will cover topics such as the Registry, Session Space and Desktop Heap. So, without further ado â letâs start with an introduction to the Windows API.
The Windows NT Kernel is divided into several sections, here we will briefly discuss how the Windows operating system is put together. At the most basic level is the file NTOSKRNL.EXE, the kernel of the Windows operating system, and the most important file on your computer. If you are interested in seeing this for yourself, you can find it in the C:WindowsSystem32 folder (this can also be found using the following path %systemroot%system32 ) on your own Windows NT machines.
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NTOSKRNL.EXE provides some of the basic functionality of Windows, but one file alone cannot make the whole system work. NTOSKRNL relies heavily on a Dynamic Link Library (DLL) known as HAL.DLL. HAL stands for 'Hardware Abstraction Layer', and is the portion of code that allows low-level mechanisms such as interrupts and BIOS communication to be handled independently.
If we consider Windows architecture as a layered architecture, with NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL on the bottom layer, the next layer up contains two important files, NTDLL.DLL, and WIN32K.SYS. NTDLL contains a number of user-mode functions such as system call stubs and the run-time library (RTL) code, collectively known as the (largely undocumented) 'Native API'. Much of the run-time library code is shared between NTOSKRNL and NTDLL. WIN32K.SYS is a kernel-mode driver that implements windowing and graphics, allowing for user interfaces to be created.
The next layer up contains a number of libraries that will be of primary interest to us. This layer comprises what is called the Win32 API, and it contains (almost) all the functions that a user will need in order to program in Windows. The Win32 API is divided into 4 component parts, each one a .DLL:
In addition to the 4 primary libraries in the Win32 API, there are a number of other important libraries that a Windows programmer should become familiar with:
Windows Does It[edit]
The Windows system, it might be surprising for some people to learn, is a very hands-on system. This is not a familiar concept for people who are just beginning C programming using the standard library. In a normal software project, there is typically a main function, and the main function in turn calls other functions that are defined in your project. In a Windows function, typically the programmer provides function pointers to the system, and Windows will make calls into your program. Also, in a Windows program, your code will sit idle when there is nothing to be done. Using the message loop architecture, Windows will send messages to your program when an event needs to be handled, and the program responds to the messages. If the program doesn't respond, the message is ignored.
For each program, Windows sets up a message queue structure to handle the message transmission process. Windows will maintain a listing of all the objects and system resources in use by a program, and will assign each one a handle. These handles are useless by themselves, but they can be passed to the system to reference particular objects and resources.
Next chapter[edit]
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âIf youâre writing a native Win32 program or just want to know what the OS is really doing underneath, you need Johnâs book. He covers the stuff that real systems programmers absolutely must know. Recommended.â
âChris Sells, Microsoft Corporation
Please visit the companion site at www.jmhartsoftware.com.
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Table of Contents
Figures xvii
Tables xix
Programs xxi
Program Runs xxv
Preface xxvii
About the Author xxxvii
Chapter 1: Getting Started with Windows 1
Operating System Essentials 1
Windows Evolution 2
Windows Versions 3
The Windows Market Role 5
Windows, Standards, and Open Systems 6
Windows Principles 7
32-bit and 64-bit Source Code Portability 10
The Standard C Library: When to Use It for File Processing 10
What You Need to Use This Book 11
Example: A Simple Sequential File Copy 13
Summary 20
Exercises 57
Chapter 3: Advanced File and Directory Processing, and the Registry 59
The 64-Bit File System 59
File Pointers 60
Getting the File Size 64
Example: Random Record Updates 65
File Attributes and Directory Processing 70
Example: Listing File Attributes 75
Example: Setting File Times 78
File Processing Strategies 80
File Locking 81
The Registry 86
Registry Management 88
Example: Listing Registry Keys and Contents 92
Summary 96
Exercises 130
Chapter 5: Memory Management, Memory-Mapped Files, and DLLs 131
Windows Memory Management Architecture 132
Heaps 134
Exercises 178
Chapter 6: Process Management 181
Windows Processes and Threads 181
Process Creation 183
Process Identities 190
Windows System Programming Pdf File
Duplicating Handles 191
Exiting and Terminating a Process 192
Waiting for a Process to Terminate 194
Environment Blocks and Strings 195
Example: Parallel Pattern Searching 197
Processes in a Multiprocessor Environment 201
Process Execution Times 202
Example: Process Execution Times 202
Generating Console Control Events 204
Example: Simple Job Management 205
Example: Using Job Objects 215
Summary 219
Exercises 256
Chapter 8: Thread Synchronization 259
The Need for Thread Synchronization 259
Thread Synchronization Objects 268
CRITICAL_SECTION Objects 269
A CRITICAL_SECTION for Protecting Shared Variables 271
Example: A Simple Producer/Consumer System 273
Mutexes 279
Example: A Producer/Consumer System 289
More Mutex and CRITICAL_SECTION Guidelines 294
More Interlocked Functions 296
Memory Management Performance Considerations 297
Summary 298
Exercises 333
Chapter 10: Advanced Thread Synchronization 335
The Condition Variable Model and Safety Properties 336
Using SignalObjectAndWait 342
Example: A Threshold Barrier Object 344
A Queue Object 348
Example: Using Queues in a Multistage Pipeline 352
Windows NT6 Condition Variables 362
Asynchronous Procedure Calls 366
Queuing Asynchronous Procedure Calls 367
Alertable Wait States 368
Safe Thread Cancellation 371
Pthreads for Application Portability 372
Thread Stacks and the Number of Threads 372
Hints for Designing, Debugging, and Testing 372
Beyond the Windows API 375
Summary 375
Exercises 408
Chapter 12: Network Programming with Windows Sockets 411
Windows Sockets 412
Socket Server Functions 414
Socket Client Functions 419
Comparing Named Pipes and Sockets 421
Example: A Socket Message Receive Function 422
Example: A Socket-Based Client 423
Example: A Socket-Based Server with New Features 426
In-Process Servers 434
Line-Oriented Messages, DLL Entry Points, and TLS 436
Example: A Thread-Safe DLL for Socket Messages 437
Example: An Alternative Thread-Safe DLL Strategy 442
Datagrams 445
Berkeley Sockets versus Windows Sockets 447
Overlapped I/O with Windows Sockets 447
Windows System Programming Pdf File
Windows Sockets Additional Features 448
Summary 448
Exercises 478
Chapter 14: Asynchronous Input/Output and Completion Ports 481
Overview of Windows Asynchronous I/O 482
Overlapped I/O 483
Example: Synchronizing on a File Handle 487
Example: File Conversion with Overlapped I/O and Multiple Buffers 487
Extended I/O with Completion Routines 492
Example: File Conversion with Extended I/O 496
Asynchronous I/O with Threads 500
Waitable Timers 501
Example: Using a Waitable Timer 503
I/O Completion Ports 505
Example: A Server Using I/O Completion Ports 509
Summary 516
Exercises 544
Appendix A: Using the Sample Programs 547
Examples File Organization 548
Appendix B: Source Code Portability: Windows, UNIX, and Linux 549
Source Code Portability Strategies 550
Windows Services for UNIX 550
Source Code Portability for Windows Functionality 551
Chapters 2 and 3: File and Directory Management 556
Chapter 4: Exception Handling 561
Chapter 5: Memory Management, Memory-Mapped Files, and DLLs 562
Chapter 6: Process Management 563
Chapter 7: Threads and Scheduling 565
Chapters 8â10: Thread Synchronization 567
Chapter 11: Interprocess Communication 569
Chapter 14: Asynchronous I/O 571
Chapter 15: Securing Windows Objects 572
Appendix C: Performance Results 575
Test Configurations 575
Performance Measurements 577
Running the Tests 591
Bibliography 593
Index 597
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